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The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Religions

Ahmad Salehudin

ahmad salehudin

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically compelled all religions to adapt and transform their traditional practices. In the Muslim world, both the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, Islam’s two holiest sites, were temporarily closed. In Bali, Indonesia, the annual Ogoh-ogoh parade, held on the eve of Nyepi Day, and the Omed-Omedan Festival, a mass kissing ritual between teenagers traditionally held the day after, were both canceled (www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4210627). However, the Melasti ceremony, a ritual of self-purification, continued with strict adherence to COVID-19 health protocols (www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-52001349). Similarly, Christian observances were profoundly affected. The Easter Mass, normally attended by thousands at St. Peter’s Basilica, was conducted without a physical congregation for the first time in history. Pope Francis led the service virtually (https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/04/12). A comparable shift occurred in the Buddhist community, where the 2020 Vesak Day celebration on Thursday, May 7, was held online. The Vesak Puja Bakti service was live-streamed, allowing Buddhists to participate from their homes (https://tirto.id/merayakan-waisak-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19-fni3).

At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, several religious groups, guided by their beliefs, chose to challenge the pandemic. There were at least two factors that contributed to this stance. First, many members believed that God's power would prevail over the challenges posed by COVID-19. This belief was evident in numerous messages circulating in WhatsApp groups, encouraging followers to continue attending places of worship. Second, there was a conviction among these groups that individuals should fear no one but God, as life and death are determined by Him. This belief often led them to disregard preventive measures aimed at avoiding the virus. Additionally, many religious groups hold the worldview that life on Earth is temporary, while the afterlife is eternal. This perspective caused them to view COVID-19 not as a serious threat but merely as a potential means of ending life in this fleeting existence.

A religious attitude can pose dangers not only to oneself and one's community but also to others. Religious gatherings have become significant hotspots for the spread of COVID-19. In South Korea, more than half of the reported COVID-19 cases are linked to the Shincheonji Church of Jesus. Similarly, the Tabligh Congregation has been identified as a major source of COVID-19 outbreaks in India, Malaysia, and Gowa, Indonesia. In Indonesia, the Annual Synod Meeting of the Protestant Church in Western Indonesia (GPIB), held from February 26 to 29 in Bogor City, along with a religious seminar of the Indonesian Bethel Church (GBI) from March 3 to 5 in West Bandung Regency, served as starting points for the spread of the virus. It is important to recognize, however, that religious activities are not the sole contributors to the spread of COVID-19; many other activities that involve physical contact can also facilitate transmission. Continue reading “Wabah COVID-19 dan Masa Depan Agama-Agama” →

Opinion

Travelers, COVID-19, and Religious Awareness

M. Khusnun Niam

Currently, various countries are grappling with the impact of the Coronavirus Desease 2019 or COVID-19. This disease has escalated into a pandemic, leaving a significant mark of panic on society. The author argues that COVID-19 is a topic worthy of academic discussion, given the various social consequences stemming from this illness. One of the most evident outcomes highlighted in the media is its effect on humanity. This serves as a starting point for the author's inquiries and prompts a critical reflection on the COVID-19 outbreak and the humanitarian crises that have emerged in the context of religion.

According to the literature reviewed by the author, all teachings of faith emphasize the importance of goodness in human actions. This emphasis reflects a theological-normative perspective, indicating that most religions encourage their followers to adopt a humanistic approach. Consequently, the role of humans within religion emerges as a central topic of study, explored through various lenses, including philosophical, sociological, and anthropological approaches, among others.

Learning from Humanist Islamic Figures

In Islam, tawhid or monotheism encompasses a form of humanist knowledge that is deeply rooted in the principle of divinity. According to Musdah Mulia, monotheism represents a manifestation of God's justice, which should serve as the foundation of humanism for a believer. Mulia emphasizes that monotheism is free from injustice, as it transcends social classes through the pursuit of piety. Piety, in this context, is the conscious and systematic application of religious principles in one’s actions, especially when aligning one’s goals with normative teachings. This concept is explored in her book, "Islam and Gender Equality."

Continue reading “Pemudik, COVID-19 dan Kesadaran Beragama” →

Opinion

Interfood Dialogue: Peaceful Endeavours Over the Dinner Table

Maufur

maufur

‘Interfood dialogue’ in the title above might give you the impression that I am playing word games because of its similarity in both letter and sound to ‘interfaith dialogue’. You are not one hundred per cent right or wrong. The use of this term is indeed related to the second term, which is popular among interfaith dialogue activists. However, rather than being a pun or a joke, I am very serious about the idea of making food an important part of a dialogue or conflict resolution model, especially in the Indonesian context. If we are familiar with the term ‘dinner table diplomacy’ in the context of politics or interstate relations, why don't we also use this model in interfaith dialogue or peace efforts.

This article was inspired by my personal experience when participating in several peace activities abroad. In 2013, I happened to have the opportunity to join a Summer Programme on Religion and Conflict Resolution held by Center for Religion, Culture, and Conflict (CRCC) in New Jersey, USA. In 2016, I was again invited as a facilitator at this month-long event. The participants were from different religious backgrounds and came from a number of countries experiencing ethnic and religious conflict: Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Nigeria and Indonesia. During the forum, the debate between the Israeli and Palestinian participants was very heated, and it was not uncommon for tables to be broken or participants to break down walk-out.This dynamic is understandable, due to the long conflict between the two countries. Continue reading “Interfood Dialogue: Upaya Damai Melalui Meja Makan” →

Opinion

Religious Studies and the Logic of Diversity in Indonesia (Part 2)

Ustadi Hamsah

(The second of two articles)

In the academic context, Muslim institutions have made significant contributions to fostering harmony and cooperation within the Indonesian nation. Notably, the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) and the State Islamic University (UIN) have played essential roles across Indonesia. These institutions prioritize studies on diversity, both religious and socio-cultural, particularly through the Department of Religious Studies, formerly known as Comparative Religion. This department focuses on various issues related to diversity and conflict resolution. By emphasizing methodological rigor and comprehensive cross-disciplinary analysis, the Religious Studies examines issues from a variety of perspectives derived from social sciences, humanities, and Islamic texts, all viewed holistically.

Religious Studies and Multiculturalism

The Religious Studies is crucial for understanding the logical reasoning behind the diversity in Indonesia. This is primarily because the Religious Studies examines various religious, Islamic, and Indonesian discourses from a comprehensive, holistic, objective, and interdisciplinary perspective. However, this is not the only reason; there are several theoretical issues addressed in the Religious Studies. One key aspect is the understanding that human actions do not stem from "empty consciousness," but rather originate from an "idea" embedded in consciousness, which Michel Foucault refers to as episteme (Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, 1972). Additionally, Peter L. Berger argues that one of the most profound influences on human attitudes and actions is religious consciousness (Berger and Thomas Luckmann in The Social Construction of Reality, 1991). Therefore, any explanation of these phenomena should begin with this foundational understanding. The Religious Studies, through its studies in the Philosophy of Religion, Sociology of Religion, Phenomenology of Religion, Psychology of Religion, History of Religion, and Anthropology of Religion, as well as the study of the Qur'an and Hadith, endeavors to explore the roots of human actions from various specific approaches.

Continue reading “Studi Agama & Nalar Keragaman di Indonesia (2)” →

Opinion

Religious Studies and the Logic of Diversity in Indonesia (Part 1)

Ustadi Hamsah

(The first of two articles)

Indonesia, often referred to by its cultural name, Nusantara, describes a vast region situated between two oceans and two continents, specifically in Southeast Asia. This term highlights the diversity of various ethnic groups, religions, cultures, and customs that coexist with a common purpose. The notion of unity in diversity is encapsulated in the words of Mpu Tantular, who, in his work Sutasoma (1370 AD), famously stated, "bhinneka tunggal ika tan hana dharma magrwa," which translates to "diverse but united; no power can weaken it." This concept predates the motto "e pluribus unum" (out of many, one) found on the Great Seal of the United States, which was created by Charles Thomson in 1732 AD. However, Mpu Tantular's depiction of diversity is still more recent than the narratives of diversity expressed in the Qur'an, dating back to the 7th century AD.

The Symbolism of Diversity in Noah's Ark

Given Indonesia’s highly diverse and complex background, one might initially imagine a “chaotic,” “crowded,” and utterly disordered society. However, this is far from the reality found in the archipelago. On the contrary, what emerges is a harmonious life, rich in the spirit of mutual cooperation (gotong royong), and far from hostile attitudes in the face of differences, all embodied in the spirit of bhinneka tunggal ika (unity in diversity). This social condition resonates with the Qur’anic description of the atmosphere aboard “Noah’s Ark” (safinah Nuḥ)

Continue reading “Studi Agama & Nalar Keragaman di Indonesia (1)” →

Opinion

Stay Active and Productive During the Pandemic

Robby H. Abror

Anxiety is evident on the faces of children across the nation during the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2019 and has spread globally, infecting millions and resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. It is understandable that such expressions of worry arise; during the pandemic, the burden of life has increased for everyone. In summary, social issues are weighing heavily on our hearts and minds. The economy appears to have collapsed, with shops and malls closed, and online motorcycle taxi services have also been affected. Every aspect of life is entwined with the overwhelming anxiety surrounding this crisis.

The public was taken aback by the release of tens of thousands of prisoners to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in jails. Additionally, thousands of people lost their jobs. As a result, criminal activities surged once again. One by one, those involved were arrested and returned to prison by the authorities or the police. The government found itself in a state of panic, overwhelmed by these events and phenomena.

What options do we have if we are required to quarantine or isolate ourselves at home for at least 14 days? The implementation of the lockdown, or as the government calls it, Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB), has significantly slowed down the country's economic activity.

Social Lockdown, Not a Lockdown of the Mind

The PSBB instruction has faced criticism for being implemented too late, as thousands in Indonesia have already been infected with the coronavirus. Additionally, the ongoing disputes and conflicts of interest between the central and regional governments have created confusion among the public. Many citizens have expressed their concerns that the response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been slow and unprofessional.

Continue reading “Tetap Aktif dan Produktif di Tengah Pagebluk” →

Opinion

Pseudoscience and Pseudoreligion in the Midst of an Epidemic

Ahmad Muttaqin

Humans are remarkably fragile. The arrogance shown in managing and exploiting nature is being challenged

Various methods, ranging from scientific approaches to spiritual practices, are being employed to combat the new Coronavirus. The healthcare sector is at the forefront, providing assistance and treatment to patients while working tirelessly to develop a vaccine for prevention. Meanwhile, the economic and social sectors are striving to mitigate the pandemic's impact, which has severely affected the industrial sector, trade in goods and services, and social life. At the same time, religious organizations are also offering spiritual support through prayer and comforting rituals.

Many people are questioning whether the new Coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), is a result of a natural process or human engineering. Proponents of conspiracy theories often argue that this virus was deliberately created in a laboratory for various interests, such as serving as a biological weapon or benefiting the vaccine and pharmaceutical industries. This article will not explore the pros and cons regarding the virus's origin. Instead, it will examine the level of "scientific reasoning and religious reasoning" reflected in the various responses from different parties in addressing the Covid-19 pandemic.

Amid the uncertainty surrounding the origin of the virus and the lack of a vaccine and cure for Covid-19, it is ideal to address this pandemic using a combination of scientific methods and religious beliefs. Science and technology serve to prevent, treat, and manage the physical impacts of Covid-19, while religion provides spiritual support, helping individuals remain steadfast and resilient in their faith.

Continue reading “Pseudoscience & Pseudoreligion di Tengah Wabah” →

Opinion

SOCIOVIROLOGY: Socio-Religious Transformations Triggered by the Covid-19 Pandemic

Oleh: Dr. Sholikh Al-Lamongani, M.Phil.I*

This article seeks to assert that Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is a major factor capable of altering the fundamental patterns and structures of life within global communities. To support this assertion, the article describes the changes in society brought about by the influence of the virus. I refer to this examination of the impact of Covid-19 on social dynamics as "SocioVirology." SocioVirology is a theoretical framework that posits that viruses (microbes) can serve as primary determinants of social change within society.

As we entered 2020, the global community, including Indonesia, was taken aback by the emergence of a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19. The initial cases and spread of Covid-19 are believed to have originated in Wuhan City, China, at the end of 2019 before rapidly spreading across the globe.

Although differing opinions later surfaced, suggesting that the origins of the Covid-19 outbreak could be traced back to the United States, Europe, or even Indonesia, these debates are not particularly important. What is clear is that the spread of Covid-19 has now reached nearly every country in the world.

According to data released by Worldmeters and cited by Kompas.Com on April 15, 2020, the total number of Covid-19 cases worldwide reached 1,991,275, with 125,951 deaths and 467,079 recoveries

The ten countries with the largest number of Covid-19 cases are ranked as follows: 1. United States: 6,106,322 cases, 25,856 deaths, 38,562 recoveries. 2. Spain: 172,541 cases, 18,056 deaths, 67,504 recoveries. 3. Italy: 162,488 cases, 21,067 deaths, 37,130 recoveries. 4. France: 143,303 cases, 15,729 deaths, 28,800 recoveries. 5. Germany: 131,359 cases, 3,294 deaths, 68,200 recoveries. 16. United Kingdom: 93,873 cases, 12,107 deaths, 344 recoveries. 7. China: 82,249 cases, 3,341 deaths, 77,738 recoveries. 8. Iran: 74,877 cases, 4,683 deaths, 48,129 recoveries. 9. Turkey: 65,111 cases, 1,403 deaths, 4,157 recoveries. 10. Belgium: 31,119 cases, 4,157 deaths, 6,868 recoveries. Additionally, Indonesia has reported 4,839 cases, 459 deaths, and 426 recoveries. Globally, the trend in Covid-19 data continues to show an increase.

The data above indicates that Covid-19 has become a frightening and lethal "zombie" presence for the global order of life, as nearly all countries in the world are affected by Covid19.

Continue reading “SOSIOVIROLOGI: Perubahan Sosial-Keagamaan Akibat Pandemi Covid-19” →

Opinion

Changes in the Religious Landscape Post Covid-19: The Role of Religious Studies

Ahmad Muttaqin

As we observe the various responses of religious communities to the pandemic, it leads us to consider the changes that may take place in the landscape of religious life after the pandemic. How can we bridge the gap between religious reasoning and scientific reasoning in society, enabling religious individuals to effectively deal with epidemics and other natural events? So that religion is always shalihun fi kulli makan wa zaman (In accordance with space and time). How can the Religious Studies address these questions?

___________________________

The April 2020 edition of Middle East Forbes published Khuloud Al Omian Article titled "Are we witnessing the awakening of a New World Order” The article listed 10 issues predicting changes in the new world order, including a shift in the global power axis, automation of production infrastructure, decline in the travel business sector, changes in education systems and patterns, social life, health, and the environment. Interestingly, none of the 10 points made by Al Omian examined the possibility of change in the field of religion and spirituality

Biju Dominic dalam “Will Covid-19 weaken the base of organized religions?” menyatakan bahwa bencana dan musibah dapat mempengaruhi perubahan perilaku keberagamaan masyarakat baik secara positif maupun negative. Sebagai contoh, runtuhnya gedung WTC di New York mendorong masyarakat Amerika semakin “religious”. Hal ini berdasar trend meningkatnya warga yang memandang penting agama dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka sejak peristiwa 9/11 tersebut. Menurut data Gallup Research, sejak tahun 1960 masyarakat Amerika Serikat yang mengganggap agama itu penting dalam kehidupannya tidak lebih dari 40%. Namun, angka itu melonjak menjadi 70% sejak peristiwa 9/11. Sebaliknya, wabah penyakit pes abad 14 yang melanda Eropa menjadi penyebab makin redupnya peran hirarki gereja di Eropa. Awalnya, para pimpinan gereja waktu itu menyebut bahwa wabah penyakit itu bentuk hukuman Tuhan untuk para pendosa. Karena itu agar terhindar dari wabah tersebut, harus bertaubat dan banyak berdoa. Namun seiring wabah yg tidak kunjung berhenti, kepercayaan pada otoritas dan hirarki gereja makin pudar hingga kemudian di abad 15 memunculkan berbagai gerakan reformasi gereja.

Berangkat dari pengalaman sejarah sebagaimana dipaparkan Biju di atas, kira-kira seperti apa wajah agama dan potret keberagamaan pasca Covid-19?

Continue reading “Perubahan Lanskap Keberagamaan Pasca Covid-19: Apa yang Dapat Studi Agama-Agama Lakukan?” →